Emissions of parent, nitrated, and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from indoor corn straw burning in normal and controlled combustion conditions

Emission factors （EFs） of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （pPAHs）, nitrated PAHs （nPAHs）, and oxygenated PAHs （oPAHs） were measured for indoor corn straw burned in a brick cooking stove under different burning conditions. The EFs of total 28 pPAHs, 6 nPAHs and 4 oPAHs were （7.9 ±3.4）, （6.5 ±1.6）×10^-3, and （6.1 ±1.4）×10^-1mg/kg, respectively. Fuel charge size had insignificant influence on the pollutant emissions. Measured EFs increased significantly in a fast burning due to the oxygen deficient atmosphere formed in the stove chamber. In both restricted and enhanced air supply conditions, the EFs of pPAHs, nPAHs and oPAHs were significantly higher than those measured in normal burning conditions. Though EFs varied among different burning conditions, the composition profiles and calculated isomer ratios were similar, without significant differences. The results from the stepwise regression model showed that fuel burning rate, air supply amount, and modified combustion efficiency were the three most significant influencing factors, explaining 72%-85% of the total variations.     

Effect of an eco-friendly o/w emulsion stabilized with amphiphilic sodium alginate derivatives on lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption–desorption on natural soil minerals

The effects of amphiphilic O/W emulsions,stabilized by the alkyl polyglycoside(APG)or cholesterol-grafted sodium alginate(CSAD)/APG systems,on lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption/desorption mechanisms on natural soil minerals(i.e.,illite and kaolinite)were investigated.Sorption and desorption of lambda-cyhalothrin onto soil minerals was studied via batch equilibration to give insight into the adsorption equilibrium,kinetics,and thermodynamics of lambda-cyhalothrin adsorption onto minerals.The results indicate the following:(i)The adsorption processes for the APG system and CSAD/APG system include:rapid adsorption,slow adsorption,and adsorption equilibrium.The adsorption kinetics of pesticide on illite and kaolinite are in accordance with the Ho and McKay model,and the adsorption isotherm conforms to the Freundlich model.In addition,the adsorption processes of pesticide for the two systems on minerals were spontaneous and feasible(ΔG~00),endothermic(ΔH~00),and mainly involved chemical bonding(ΔH~060).(ii)The equilibrium adsorption percentages of the pesticide on illite for the APG system and CSAD/APG system were 42.4%and 64.8%,and the corresponding equilibrium adsorption percentages on kaolinite were 40.8%and 61.8%,respectively.Moreover,the pesticide adsorption rate K_(2-CSAD/APG)was faster than K_(2-APG),and its adsorption capacity K_(f-CSAD/APG )was greater than K_(f-APG).Meanwhile,the pesticide desorption K_(fd)in the CSAD/APG system was smaller than that in the APG system.As a result,this eco-friendly O/W emulsion based on amphiphilic sodium alginate derivatives might provide a green pesticide formulation,since it could reduce the amount of lambda-cyhalothrin entering aquatic systems to threaten non-target fish and invertebrate species.     

反应条件对苛求芽孢杆菌胞内尿酸酶与嘌呤衍生物作用的影响

用底物尿酸的紫外吸收变化跟踪反应,用单或双底物米氏方程和初速度估算苛求芽孢杆菌胞内尿酸酶最大反应速度,按Arrenius经验公式得到该尿酸酶在pH 9.2和pH 7.4的活化能,但这些活化不能解释其在两个pH下的催化活性差异.该酶同常见嘌呤衍生物氧嗪酸、黄嘌呤和尿酸有亲和力,但对尿酸亲和力最低,且亲和力与嘌呤衍生物解离成阴离子的能力相关.在生理条件下,该酶对尿酸的亲和力相对于最适条件有显著下降.据此推测,优化静电相互作用选择性增强该酶对尿酸的亲和力是提高其成药性的可能措施之一.     

气相色谱/质谱联用法测定饮用水源水中苯胺类化合物

采用液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定饮用水源水中19种苯胺类化合物,选择DB-5MS色谱柱,讨论了pH值对回收率的影响.方法在0.500 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,19种苯胺类化合物的检出限为0.016μg/L～0.067 μg/L,标准溶液平行测定的RSD为1.2％ -13.2％,实际样品加标回收...     

Synthesis of some novel (2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamides and evaluation as antimicrobial agents

A series of sixteen 2-oxo-3-(arylimino) indolin-1-yl)-N-aryl acetamide derivatives were synthesized, characterized by physical and spectral data (IR, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry), and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogenic microorganisms. Some of the synthesized compounds showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, the best being 2-(3-(4-chlorophenylimino)-2-oxoindolin-1-yl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl) acetamide.     

The solar transformity of petroleum fuels

Petroleum fuels are the primary energy basis for transportation and industry. They are almost always an important input to the economic and social activities of humanity. Emergy analyses require accurate estimates with specified uncertainty for the transformities of major energy and material inputs to economic and environmental systems. In this study, the oil refining processes in Italy and the United States were examined to estimate the transformity and specific emergy of petroleum derivatives. Based on our assumptions that petroleum derivatives are splits of a complex hydrocarbon mixture and that the emergy is split based on the fraction of energy in a product, we estimated that the transformity of petroleum derivatives is 65,826 sej/J ± 1.4% relative to the 9.26E+24 sej/year planetary baseline. Estimates of the specific emergies of the various liquid fuels from Italian and U.S. refineries are within 2% of one another and the relationship of particular values varies with the refinery design. Our average transformity is only 1.7% larger than the current estimate for petroleum fuels determined by back calculation, confirming the accuracy of this transformity in existing emergy analyses. The model uncertainty between using energy or mass to determine how emergy is split was less that 2% in the estimate of both the transformity and specific emergy of liquid fuels, but larger for solid and gaseous products. This study is a contribution to strengthen the emergy methodology, providing data that can be useful in the analysis of many human activities.     

Sequestration of prenylated benzoic acid and chromenes by Naupactus bipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding on Piper gaudichaudianum (Piperaceae)

The curculionid beetle Naupactus bipes (Germar, 1824) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Brachycerinae) has shown feeding preference for leaves of Piper gaudichaudianum, demonstrating an unexpected specificity for an insect considered to be a generalist. The leaves of P. gaudichaudianum contain the prenylated chromenes gaudichaudianic acid (4, major compound) and its methyl ester (5) in addition to a chromene (3) lacking one prenyl residue. In addition to 4, roots contain the chromone methyl ester (1) and methyl taboganate (2, major compound). Feeding on roots, larvae of N. bipes sequester exclusively the root-specific compounds 1 and 2. Adult beetles sequester the leaf-specific chromenes 3 and 4, but were found to also contain compounds 1 and 2 that are absent in leaves. Therefore, it is suggested that 1 and 2 are sequestered by larvae and can be found in the body of adult insects after long-term storage. In addition, 3 and 4, the major compounds in leaves were found to be associated with the eggs.     

室内灰尘中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存与人体暴露研究进展

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)作为典型的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)中的重要类别,具有半挥发性、生物蓄积性、长期残留性和明显的毒性(包括致癌、致畸、致突变)等特点,因此是环境中的一类重要污染物.PAHs衍生物的赋存浓度通常比PAHs母体低,是直接作用的诱变剂和致癌剂,具有比PAHs母体更高的致癌性和致畸性,毒性作用也更为直接,近年来PAHs衍生物引起了越来越多的关注.室内灰尘作为污染物的特殊载体,研究其中的PAHs及其衍生物的赋存、来源、人体暴露风险有重要意义.本文基于当前国内外对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物的研究,对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物的赋存、来源及其人体暴露风险进行了系统综述,最后提出了现有研究的不足,并对室内灰尘中PAHs及其衍生物今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

多组分苯胺类混合物对发光菌的抑制毒性

以淡水发光菌——青海弧菌(Q67)为指示生物,96微孔板为实验反应载体,微板光度计为发光强度测试设备,测定了苯胺、邻甲基苯胺、对甲基苯胺、邻硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺及其混合物对发光菌的发光抑制毒性,应用非线性最小二乘拟合技术与剂量加和(DA)及独立作用(IA)原理研究了混合物的毒性规律.1)分别测定每种化合物的剂量-效应数据并进行非线性拟合.结果表明,5种苯胺类化合物的剂量-效应曲线(DRC)均可用Logit与Weibull函数有效表征,从这些模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(-logEC50)分别为2.11、2.35、2.49、3.60和3.88(EC50单位:mol·L-1),可知其对发光菌的毒性大小顺序为:苯胺<邻甲基苯胺<对甲基苯胺<邻硝基苯胺<对硝基苯胺.2)根据组分EC50、EC10和EC1设计3个等效应浓度比混合物进行混合物毒性实验,并对混合物剂量-效应数据进行非线性拟合得到混合物DRC.结果表明,混合物DRC可用Box-Cox-Logit与Box-Cox-Weibull函数有效表征.3)根据单一化合物DRC模型,分别应用剂量加和(DA)与独立作用(IA)模型对混合物DRC进行预测.结果表明,无论考察混合浓度比例还是效应水平,剂量加和模型都能准确预测苯胺类混合物的毒性,而独立作用模型倾向于高估混合物毒性.     

酚类物质的3种衍生方法比较研究

对3类适用于酚类物质的衍生方法进行比较。结果显示,3种衍生方法均具有改善峰形、提高检测灵敏度、降低检出限等优势。其中七氟丁酸酐衍生法具有较大的腐蚀性;TMS衍生体系对水分非常敏感,需确保衍生体系脱水充分;五氟苄基溴衍生相对更成熟和完善。